SCIENTIFIC METHODS 
OF STACK -BUILDING 



PRICE 50 Cents 



SCIENTIFIC METHODS 
OF STACK-BUILDING 



A Pradiical Stacker's Guide 



BY 

J. H. WHITCOMB 



ALVA. OKLAHOMA 

RENFREW'S RECORD 

19 13 



.i X •>^. 




J. H. WHITCOMB 



Copyright 1913 

by J. H. WHITCOMB 

Quinlan, Okla. 



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PREFACE. 



A correct statement of the grain produced yearly in 
the United States is an eye-opener to the averat^e fanner. 
Tt shows that, after all, it is the farmer who possesses the 
wealth of the land. Following are the statistics taken 
from the Crop Reporter of Dec, 1912, published I)y the 
authority of the Secretary of Agriculture : 

Crop. Acreage. Production Farm Value Dec. 1st 

In Bushels. Per Bushel. Total 

Wheat— 45,814,()0() 7:^(),2()7,0()() .7(1 .i;r)r)5,28( ).()()() 
Oats— 87,917,000 1,418,337,000 .319-10 452.469,000 

Barley— 7.530,000 223,824.000 .50 5-10 112.957,000 

Rye— 2.117.000 35.664.000 .66 3-10 23.636.000 

Tons. Per Ton 
Ilay— 49,530.000 72.691.000 11.79 856.695.000 

What becomes of this vast amount of product? The 
wheat, of course, is sold direct, and consumed by man. 
But most of the oats, !)arley. rye. and hay is consumed by 
stock on the farm. As a rule the average American farm- 
er is keenly alive to any waste or loss when it involves 
the paying out of money direct; but careless regarding 
loss in his croj). This brings us to the j^oint of view of 
this book, which is that of great gain by the use of cor- 
rect and scientific methods, as advocated herein, v^r show- 
ing up the so prevalent loss, caused by tne poor stacking 
of hay and grain. 

To the best of the writer's knowledge, there has Ixhmi 
no standard method of stacking adopted among farmers, 
but such knowledge has been gotten "catch as catcli 
c.in." It is also true that those who havc^ acquii-cd ;i ctM-- 
tain knowledge of stacking are seldom able to so (^xphiin 
it to their boys as they grow to manhood oi' to men hired 
on the ])lac(\ that they can iK^come expert stackers. 

The silo and the hay bfii'n are of great benefit. l)ut it 



still remains that a vast quantity of hay and grain must 
be stacked year after year. This is particularly true of 
wheat in the great wheat belt of our country, where barns 
are too inconvenient. The importance of the question, 
then, is readily seen. 

Sometimes stacks of grain or hay are so damaged as 
to be almost entirely lost. It is a fairly safe estimate to 
say that one-tenth of the hay and grain stacked in the 
open, spoils and becomes a dead loss. Think what this 
means; especially when compared with the millions of 
(h)llars annual income, Avhich we find in the statistics 
from the office of the Secretary of Agriculture! In the 
manufacturing world, the difference between success and 
failure consists in the careful handling of every by-pro- 
duct, that there may be no loss whatever. If you are los- 
ing one-tenth of your grain or hay through poor stacking 
year after year, that tenth means the loss of just so 
much hard .cash. You have paid for producing it — you 
have bought the seed, paid for preparing the soil, for the 
harvesting of the crop, and you get nothing. If a man 
is just making a comfortable living as it is now, he could 
have a nice little sum to put into the bank every year if 
he secured this 10 per cent additional — simply by not al- 
lowing this great waste by improper stacking. It is to 
help farmers save this wasted part, which has cost them 
so much toil and money, that this book is written. 

The writer has traveled in Kansas, Oklahoma, Iowa 
and Missouri, and has actually seen such a great loss and 
Vv^aste both of hay and grain by neglect and poor stack- 
ing, especially the latter. The greatest loss witnessed in 
my travels was found in Kansas and Oklahoma, in the 
"Golden Wheat Belt" of the United States, where wheat 
is headed or bound and ricked, piled or "dumped," as 
you might call it, for where the greatest loss occurred 
til is expression would scarcely be an exaggeration of 
truth. 



Scarcely one farmer out of twenty-five does his own 
stacking; nor does he understand the art. in most cases. 
Hence he is obliged to trust the preserving of his grain to 
others who are supposed to have the knowledge of stack- 
nig hay and grain. In many instances this trust in the 
other party has cost him dearly. Yet in the rush of a 
great harvest, Avhere a large acreage is to be cared for, 
men plunge headlong into the cutting and stacking, 
striving each day for a big day's cutting, not thinking 
that the rain in one night might destroy the full day's 
cutting, if not the entire crop, scarcely noticing the way 
their wheat or other crop is stacked or cared for. 

Since seeing so much damage, so much entire waste 
and loss in the past ten years of my life, i have given 
time .to a special study of this work, hoping to aid in 
correcting this great error, and I here give to the public 
my Avork. 

J. H. WHITCO.AIB. 



INTRODUCTION. 



In order to explain how to build a stack, it is neces- 
sary to present hereAvith some diagrams. In the stacking 
and preserving of bonnd grain, the drawings are in the 
form of diagrams, using numbers and letters in locating 
positions describing these scientific (though simple) 
methods of stacking. 

The following work is intended to take the bundles 
as they leave the binder and trace them until they are 
threshed, giving complete information as to the proper 
care in handling the grain. Another introduction rela- 
tive to the subjects of hay or loose grain will be given 
later in the book at the beginning of such work. 

On accoiuit of the great amount of bound grain, and 
also the large amount of moisture in localities where the 
binder is extensively used, I have taken the time to learn 
the art of stacking and caring for bundle grain. Hence 
in my study I have adopted simple diagrams to explain 
in part the simple methods of caring for the bound grain, 
and hope to pVoduce a work that will be of great benefit 
and of much saving to the many farmers who are yearly 
subject to loss by poor methods in preserving their grain. 

J. H. WHITCOMB. 



Part I 




Eiag-raiii No. 1 shows m shock of hoiiiul grain in a 
comm :)n way of shocking, to be h4't some time in the 
Held. Notice the bundles are placed Avith tlie heads of 
grain up, thus leaving the butt ends of the sheaves to the 
ground. Also notice the tops of the l)undles are matted 
tightly together, making them firm and strong, thus be- 
ing self-sui)porting against winds or rain, being so close 
t )gether as to shed the water off the grain, not allowing 
i1 to penetrate to any noticeable depth. While the tops 
are matted together, the butts of the bundles are slightl}^ 
spread apart, as if bracing or supporting each other. 
This brace-like position of each bundle not only acts as a 
support in holding the hsock. ])ut is of great benefit in 
time of storms, winds, etc. The slanting position of the 
l>nndle also acts as a drain to lead the water outward and 
away from the shock. 

Some men carelessly i)ile the bundles one upon anoth- 



er. and any way to get along, in order to keep up with 
the binder, sometimes even grain end down. Hence the 
grain Avill soon rot and spoil. The grain should never be 
placed beneath or on the damp earth, but always up so 
the sun can dry it. The aid of the calm,, gentle breeze 
also is of great benefit in drying the sheaves when prop- 
erly set up. 

When the sheaves are laid on the ground, the mice 
rind other field pests have a better chance to do damage, 
and often burrow and destroy great quantities. 

Why should grain be shocked before it is stacked or 
threshed ? In answer I would say : First, in most in- 
stances the straw is gr^en and damp, so by shocking, the 
sheaves have a chance to cure thoroughly. Second, there 
is not time for the farmer to stop his binder in order to 
stack the grain. Again, it would not do to stack on ac- 
count of being too green and sappy. Therefore he must 
wait a short time before stacking or threslilng, since the 
sheaves should be thoroughly dry before the grain is in 
condition to stack or thresh, else the green straw and the 
moisture together would cause the grain to heat and rot 
either in the stack or in the bin after it is threshed. 

Often when grain or hay is not shocked or stacked 
correctly, the wind throws it down, scattering the bun- 
dles or hay about, leaving it exposed to the rain and 
dirt, which do great damage in a short time. The Avind 
naturally should help dry the sheaves, and aid in curing 
them out, ready to be threshed, but in order to get it's 
benefit, one should always be sure to get the shocks firm- 
ly built. Then the sunshine with a soft, gentle breeze, 
soon dries the sheaves out, and puts them in readiness to 
be stacked or threshed. 

Before we learn about stacking, let us learn a little 
more about the shocks, and especially the bundles. If you 
should go near a shock in your field or your neighbors. 
and look at it closely, you would see that the bundles 

—8— 



may not all ai)pear to be shaped alike; some flat, some 
round, while others are yet different in a[)pearanee; but 
if you go to where the binder is working and pick the 
bundles up immediately after they have been throwin 
from the machine, and examine them all carefully, you 
will see that they are all exactly (or should be, if the 
binder is working properly) alike. You will now ask: 
"What causes them to look so different in the shock?" 

In order to answer your question, we will need to go 
back to where the bundles are freshly laid in the wind- 
row, shortly after the binder has thrown them. Pick out 
three or four at least, and examine them closely. They 
are ail alike. You will notice they all have a flat side, 
and also a rounding side opposite. The butts of the 
straw are almost event. Turn them all on their flat sides 
— now they all look alike. Turn some of them on their 
roiuid side, some edgeways, etc. Now look at them close- 
ly, and you will observe the answer to your question, as 
to why they look so different in the shock. 

SHOCKING BUNDLES. 

In shocking grain, the round side of the sheaves or 
bundles should always be i)laced toward the outside of 
the shock; because the flat side of the bundles are more 
apt to take water. Another reason is ; the bundles always 
})lace closer together when placed with the flat side in. 
This causes the shock to become more firmly built, and 
the ])etter the shock is built, the better it will stand 
against storms, Avind, rain, etc. 

Some men never think about the storm or sucli dam- 
ages that might occur if the shocks are not built up firnv 
ly, but hurriedly put the bundles up any way they come 
to them, then rush on to the next windrow to commence 
biiilding another shock, and by so doing they pay little 
or no attention to the way the sheaves are or should be 
set u]). In til is way they get some liundles set up right. 



hut some wrong; hence this is why the shock is so liable 
to blow down, and also why the sheaves do not look alike 
in the shock. 

After the shock has become settled, the bottoms of 
the bundles coming in contact with the ground, changes 
their shape slightly. The straw settling tightly to the 
earth causes the inner sides of the bundle to become 
shorter at the bottom than on the outer side (shorter 
from the twine band down only.) We will learn to use 
this difference in length later, when commencing to 
stack. 

QUESTIONS ON ABOVE LESSON. 

Why do we shock our grain ? 

Why not take the wheat, as soon as cut and bound, 
and stack or thresh it? 

Why not place the heads of grain down to the earth 
in shocking? 

Why not heap piles of sheaves, and then by and by 
by haul them to the machine or stack them? 

What effect has the wind on shocks which are not 
built correctly? 

What effect has the moist earth on all bundles that 
are down ? 

What effect has the rain? The sun? Why? How? 

HOW TO STACK. 

Since we have learned about the shape of the bun- 
dles, and how they should be shocked, also why we shock 
our grain, and about the dangers that often happen when 
grain is not properly shocked, and the principal ways of 
caring for the grain up until it should be placed in the 
stack or threshed, we now must learn how to preserve our 
grain by placing it in the stack. By learning this art 
of stacking, we can stack our own hay and grain without 

—10— 



depending on others, and by knowing how to staek our 
grain correctly we always can feel safe and know our 
hay or grain is not going to rot and spoil; while if anoth- 
er stacks for us Ave can only trust to his knowledge 
whether he does the work rightly or not. Thus we may, 
by his negligence or ignorance, sustain great loss in our 
crop each year. If the hay or grain is not stacked prop- 
erly, it would be as well left in the field in the shock and 
thus save the additional loss of labor in hauling and 
stacking. 

Men who know the science of stacking are few. and 
while waiting for a chance to employ a man skilled in 
this art, there is great loss of time, to say nothing about 
the chances of loss by storm, wind, or rain. 

ft can be readily seen, then, why one should have the 
knowledge of stacking and preserving his own hay or 
grain ; then he need not depend upon others. Again, as 
before mentioned, to know that the work is done properly 
is worth a great deal. 

We have described the bundles, and also mentioned 
how they should be cared for up until stacked or thresh- 
ed. Tt is now that we are ready to illustrate, and tell 
how iiound grain should be stacked. 

In Diagram 1 is shown the common method of shock- 
ing. Wishing to connect this diagram with the simplt 
method of stacking, we may now turn to Diagram 1 and 
o])serve the picture of an ideal shock. On Diagram 2 we 
nxe the shock plan to commence our stai-K foundation. 
Reo-in with making a shock, then add thereto until the 
desired size in length and breadth is reached, when the 
stack ])()ttom will l^e complete. Notice: The shock should 
always be built the shape the stack is desired to be when 
complete; for the additional rings of bundles only en- 
large and expand the shape of shock. The shock should 
not be made the entire length or breadth the stack is ex- 
pected to be Avhen complete, for there must be more add- 

—11— 




3na^am- //o a.^ 



ed on both the ends and the sides. This will be more 
plainly understood later in this volume. 

Beginning with letter "A" on Diagram 2, "A" rep- 
resents the shock or beginning of the stack bottom. As 
additional rings of bundles are to be used to get the size 
stack bottom desired, it is convenient to use a series of 
circles, numbering them in rotation, beginning at "A" 
and numbering outward; viz. 1-2-3-4-5, etc. until the de- 
sired size of stack bottom is reached. 

What we mean hy circles is a ring made up of bun- 
dles set in a row extending completely around the shock 
or amount of stack bottom already built. 

Thus beginning with the shock (A), the first ring of 
bundles to be added becomes No. 1, making a complete 
circle around the shock. (Note: This circle may be eith- 
er completely round when finished, or oblong, oval, or 
such shape as the stack is wished to be when fully set.) 
This additional ring or bundles makes the shock (A) ex- 

—12— 



paiid in which ever shape the shock may have been made. 

Being now ready for another additional ring of bun- 
dles, let it be No. 2, thus forming another complete circle 
around No. 1, and enclosing within itself the entire 
amount built this far. 

After No. 2, we continue Numbers 8, 4, 5, etc. — mak- 
ing a complete circle each time around -all those before 
l>uilt. until the stack bottom is as large as desired. 

Take note that the farther out we build from "A", 
the more flat a position our l)undles seem to take, imtil 
the outside ring of bnndles seems to lie so flat as to la]) 
•jnly al)out half way on the next inner circle, thus making 
the stack bottom gradually sloping from "A" to our last 
numl)er, the outer edge. It is this shed-like j)()sition of 
the bundles throughout the entire stack, after it is com- 
plete, that makes it waterproof through and through, 
thus, at all times guiding the water outAvard and off the 
grain. 

BUILDING AFTER FOUNDATION IS LAID. 

Now that we have completed the stack l)ottom, we 
are ready to commence building on our foundation. Let 
No. S represent the outside ring of bundles. Then, of 
course. No. 7 is the next to the last in rotation. Begin- 
i.'ing at letter "AV", which always represents the wagon's 
stopping place while unloading, (See Diagram 8), place 
a l)un(lle lialf way back on No. 8. lapping half way on 
No. 7, with the grain end toAvard the inner part of the 
stack always; thus l)reaking joints, the same as a stone 
mason does in laying l)rick or rock, covering the cracks 
between Nos 7 and 8. This not only acts to tie the two 
together, but l)attons and covers the cracks between the 
two rows of bundles andenienth. This will kee}) the wa- 
ter from entering the crevices beloAv. 

Now that we have laid one bundle which will l)e oui' 
]:>attern for this row or circle of bundles, which should 



be })lMeed in this position, make a complete circle around 
the stack from the wagon (W) returning to the wagon 
again. 

Although we use "W" to give us the point where 
the wagon stops every time, we may also use the same 
letter C'W") to indicate the point where each circle or 
ring of bundles will even up, thus completing a circuit 
around the stack each time, returning to that same point. 

Simple methods of stacking bundles. 




l^f-de r n. ^vi nA\e Ho 









^la^ram. llo.^3 — 



I/f^Bk/fb?e^^»» 



"A" represents the shock or commencement. 
No. 1 represents the first ring of bundles. 
No. 2, the second. 

—14— 



No. 8, the third. 

No. 4, the fourth, and so on until the stack is as large 
as desired. "W" represents the stopping place for wa- 
gon or the evening-up place for each and every row or 
ring of bundles. 

"D" represents the stone mason's way of covering 
each crack, also a shingler's way of hiding cracks; 
hence in stacking, D's illustration must be kept in mind, 
and batten each space between the bundles. 

See Diagram No. 4. 

In Diagram 3. we illustrate a stack bottom; "A" 
representing the shock for the commencement of the 
stack bottom, as mentioned before. The rings of bundles 
are represented by circular lines, numbered the same as 
the rings of bundles. This diagram outlines a round 
stack, hence the shock (*'A'') takes the shape of the 
stack as desired when completed. 

In the above lesson we learned how to lay the foun- 
dation for the stack, and also had placed one pattern ring 
of bundles, lapping half way on No. 8, and extending the 
other part toward the center of the stack, thus, as before 
mentioned, lapping the grain end on No. 7; both togeth- 
er, making a complete circle from the wagon ("W") to 
''W" again. 

We are now^ ready to take the next step in stack 
]:uilding. Since Ave have laid the foundation and one 
ring of bundles, the commencement in building, let us 
adopt a rotation of numbers according to each row or 
ring of bundles laid; which make a complete circle from 
the wagon at "W" to "W" again; hence inverting the 
use and rotation of numbers from that alrepfly used in 
the construction of the stack bottom. Our first pjittern 
ring in the commencement of our building on the founda- 
tion already laid, may now be called No. 1 (Diagram -i.) 
cle from "W" to "W", as liefore. until each operation 
is made complete. 

—15— 



The next step will be making pattern bund^t- N-v "2. 
which takes its name from its position in rotation. I.> • 
this bundle rest half way on pattern bundle No. 1, and e>v- 
pand the other half toward the center of the stack, this 
acting as a tie to hold the other rings underneath n.orc 
firmly, and also battening the cracks as before mentioned. 

Having placed pattern bundle No. 2, let us make an- 
other complete ring of bundles, same as pattern, ironi 
the point " W" returning again to " W", to even and fiii- 
ish our ring of bundles. The next number adopted is No. 
3, taking its position, lapping half way on No. 2, that has 
just been laid, and extending the other half of the bun- 
dle toward the center of stack, same as the other rows 
laid before. After laying the pattern bundle, the entire 
circle of bundles .^l\ould be laid in like position from 
"W", returning to "W", to even and finish each circle. 

The next number in rotation is No. 4. Placing this 
pattern bundle half its length on No. 8, and extending 
*he other half toward the center of the stack: after lav 
ing the pattern bundle make another complete circle, 
olacing the bundles in like position with the pattern, l)e- 
-^inning at "W" and ending there, as usual. 

This method of completing circles of bundles must 
')e continued until at last the center of the stack and the 
bundles of the last circle meet at ends, after which, place 
a row of bundles tieing the last center ring together, thus 
completing one operation in stack building. 

The above is a description of one operation in stack 
building, which must be remembered, as there will be like 
operations in the continuing of building after the stack 
foundation is laid. 

Now return to the outer edge of the stack. 

See Diagram 4 for illustration of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd 
and 4th operations. Note that 1st and 3rd are alike; 
also that 2nd and 4th are alike; thus repeated throughout 
all remaining operations necessary for the completion of 

—16— 



the stack. We have made stair-steps all along; but have 
battened each and every crack, and the center is become 
so full there could no water get in as it is now; yet we 
have not finished our stack; rather only well commenced. 
We are at the outer edge of the stack at "W", the 



k^'~sho\^ In^ placing 
/\ of bundles- 



X 



/ 



^" 



/ 



o< 



3 



/ 



r 



/ -' 









^ '^g T^ rr? ?7o. /J 

Wcigon stop, and are ready to proceed in building; hence 
let us lay another i)attern bundle, but before Ave go any 
further let us again examine the bundles. You will re- 
member (in first part of book) that the settling of the 
straw in the shock caused the bundle to become slightly 



17- 



shorter on one side than on the other. Now we wish to 
take advantage of this short and long side in our build- 
ing. Remembering that we had gotten to the outer edge 
of the stack after completing the first operation in stack 
building, and ready for another pattern bundle, place a 
bvuidle with the long side UP (thus leaving, necessarily, 
the short side down) to the entire outer edge of the 
stack. 

This will mean that the bundle will lap half way. or 
nearly so. on Xo. 1 of the above operatio. and extend to 
the entire outer edge of the stack (butts out.) By laying 
the short side down, and the long side up. the difference 
in the length of the straw tends to widen and expand the 
stack slightly. This plan, being simple, will, if continued, 
build a nice bulge or swell on the stack; hence by this 
knowledge, one does not need to make a large stack bot- 
tom in order to preserve an average amount of grain. 
Naturally the bottom of the stack, which generally rests 
on the damp earth, will often rot to some xtent, so you 
see the advantage in a small stack-bottom; then bulging 
the stack spreads it wider so it will hold a greater quan- 
tity of grain. Yet no one should widen to a greater ex- 
tent than is necessary, because of winds. Too small a 
stack bottom for that body mighty cause the stack to be 
blown down. 

Remember each ring of bundles that is placed to the 
outer edge of the stack should be carefully placed with 
the long side up in order to gain the ])roper bulge at a 
desired height according to size of stack. After this 
height is accomplished, turn the bundles of the outside 
rings over, with the short side up. This will draw the 
stack in. This method of drawing in will bring the stack 
gradually to a top. This can be guaged as desired. 

Having mentioned the pattern bundle at the outer 
edge of the stack, and described how it should be laid, 
with the long sde up and to the entire outer edge of the 

—18— 



stack, we have thus begun another operation in stack- 
buikling, and l)y so doing cancelled the other operation 
just laid or built. Let us now make a complete ring of 
bundles like the pattern bundle at the outer edge, and 
hy so doing make a neat outline of the outer edge of the 
stack, beginning at "W" and evening up at "W" again 
(at wagon stop) each time as before. Naming this new 
start of a new operation in building, after having cancel- 
led the old. we will call this first ring of bundles No. 1. 

The next pattern bundle. No. 2, will take its position 
half way its length on No. 1, newly laid, and extend the 
other half toward the center of the stack, the same as the 
method used in the foregoing operation. After laying the 
pattern bundle, proceed each time to make a complete 
circle from "W" to "W". to even up each time ready 
for another pattern Inmdle. 

The next pattern bundle will be. No 3; its position 
will be half it-s length on No. 2. and the other half toward 
the center of the stack the same as before. 31ake a com- 
plete circle from " W" to." W" again. This method must 
be continued until the center of the stack is tilled the 
same as the previous operation. This completes the sec- 
ond operation in stack building of bundle grain. See Di- 
agram 4. showing first and second operations. 

The next operation in stack building v\nll take the 
same position as the entire first operation, which begaa 
(,n the foundation. Thus its first pattera bundle, taking 
its position half a bundle's length on No. 1, of the second 
operation, v/hich is fresh before us, and lapping the other 
end toward the center of the stack. After this pattern 
liuidle is laid, we remember each time to complete a cir- 

Circle after circle of bundles is made around the 
stack until the center is made, and tied there; after Avhich 
we reiurn to the outer edge of the stack to commence 
another operation in stack building. 

By this method we break joints, ])atten cracks, and 

— 19— 



tie the rows of bundles together like a stone mason 
strengthens his wall, until our stack is firmly built. Now 
we have completed the third operation. })ut found it ex- 
actly like the first one built, after and on the foundation. 
We are now ready for the fourth. 

The fourth operation will be like the second, hence 
we remember the shape of the bundles, and how they are 
used to either widen or draw the stack in, according as 
we desire. Also remember that the pattern bundle to 
start the second operation began at the extreme outer 
edge, in order to make and build up the sides (or form) 
so we place the pattern bundle wnth the long side up to 
widen and bulge the stack slightly, the same as in opera- 
tion No. 2. After this pattern bundle is laid we knoAV 
how to proceed to make a complete circle each time the 
same as before; hence naming the first ring of bundles 
of each operation No. 1; numbering each new operation 
in proper rotation until all operations in stack building 
are completed. Repeating this method of starting each 
operation with the pattern (or first) bundle half a bun- 
dle's length in from the outer edge of the stack, then 
secondly to the outer edge to make the form — back and 
forth, first one and then the other position chosen, until 
the stack is completely built. 

Note: When the stack is bulged wide enough by the 
lead of the bundle's length, one should not forget to turn 
the bundles over with the short side up, so as to draw in, 
nnd by drawing in we make a nice, neat top on the 
''tack. Thus, by repeated operations as described the 
stack is completed. 

Note : After this method is understood and practic- 
ed awhile, one can as readily lay two rows of bundles at 
a time as to lay one; hence (by laying two rows or cir- 
cles at a time) much speed can be added so the above 
knowledge and the expertness in the art of stacking will 

—20— 



at the same time be accomplished. 

This means a saving of the grain, a saving of time, 
a saving of money paid out for hired help; and it means 
too, that the farmer may be independent of such help, 
which is— at best— uncertain and apt to be inefficient. 



—21— 



Part II 



HAY OR LOOSE GRAIN. 
Introduction. 

In order to explain how to build a stack, it has v. 




^ 



E 



D C B A B CD 

—22— 



come necessary to present some diagrams or charts. In 
the study of Geography, we learn of the horizontal and 
perpendicular lines, both used in locating places on the 
globe, and dividing distances either east or west; n- '"tli 
or south. As the horizontal lines run east and west on 
the maps, and the perpendicular lines are drawn north 
and south, it is convenient for us to use the same names 
to describe in part these simple methods of stacking and 
preserving both hay and grain. 

See Diagram No. 1 in "Play or Loose Grain." 

N. B. In the following diagrams we place the h*.ter 
"p" in connection with those letters (A, B, C, etc.) 
which are at the base of perpendicular lines, in order to 
indicate ''perpendicular." A similar use is made of the 
■"h" to indicate "horizontal." 

In all stacking herein described, the letter "A" rep- 
resents the center of stack from bottom to top. As most 
hay or loose grain is stacked or built in a rick-like form, 
the diagrams are drawn so as to apply to the end ol the 
rick; this would mean either end or thoroughout the en- 
tire rick from end to end. (See Diagram No. 2.) 

We use the perpendicular lines in our diagran.s for 
the purpose of calculating the height, their stations for 
evening up points, in the averaging up of the width of 
the rick or stack; hence they are not only used in height 
but in width. For example: from "A" to "F" is 7 1-2 
feet ; then from F-p to F-p is 15 feet ; etc. 

Diagram No. 1 is drawn for the purpose of introduc- 
ing the horizontal lines, only giving three perpendicular 
lines. A-p and F-p — F-p on either side of the center A-p. 

As we have become acquainted with the "operation" 
— our use of it — used to describe a certain course of work 
accomplished, we now desire to use it in the stackin.g of 
hay or loose grain. 

The horizontal lines are used to describe the amount 
of hay or straw placed in and where it should be placed, 

—23— 



and when to place it to make the work a success; hoi'.ce 
they are numl)erecl in rotation from 1 to 5 (see Diagram 
No. 1) and all are different lengths. Their positions dif- 
fer, except at the center of the rick, at "A" where all 
balance. Diagram No. 2 shows all the lines, both hori- 
zontal and perpendicular. The horizontal lines by num- 
bers from 1 to 5, take their places according to stations 
at the perpendiculars. 

The perpendicular lines running up and down are 




F E" D 



—24— 



P B f 



set 1 foot 6 inches apart, and are named alphalietieally 
A, B. C. I), E, F. on either side, being 1 1-2 feet apart, 
making the stack 15 feet wide. This width would be 
called rather too wide in some places, while in others 
would be only an average width. The width and size of 
the stack may be ganged to any chosen size. The Dia- 
gram is only for the purpose of introducing the proper — 
scientific — methods for building stacks. 

First notice the horizontal line. No. 1, extending 
lirom F-p to F-p, the entire width of the stack ; from out- 
side to outside. This is for the purpose of impressing 
an idea : that- the straw should be strewn evenly from 
side to side, completing the stack bottom, always outlin- 
ing the form of the stack or rick. This is the description 
of one step in stack building. New beginners in stacking 
should take great care to always get the straw placed 
evenly. Remember, if in doubt as to its evenness, for 
a safeguard against mistakes there may be a slight 
amount added to the center to make sure the outer edge 
is not too full. 

Next notice horizontal line No. 2, which only extends 
as far out as E-p on either side; hence giving an illustra- 
tion as to how far out a layer of straw should be placed 
from the center on either side. Since the position has 
been chosen for a layer of straw, we may proceed to 
spread the straw evenly as far out as the outline. The 
object in spreading the straw evenly is to not leave any 
wads or bunches, which would cause holes, or indenta- 
tions, in the stack, which naturally would result in great 
danger of both settling incorrectly and taking and re- 
taining the water from rainfall. This outlines and de- 
scribes the second step in building stacks of Hay or 
Loose Grain. 

The third step is like the second. The horizontal line 
No. 3 only extends from D-p to D-p, on either side from 
A-p, the center perpendicular. We notice D-p is another 

—25— 



chosen distance toward the center. After the outline has 
been determined, in mind, we may proceed to complete 
a layer of straw within its bounds, this time being only 
from D-p to D-p. 

It is always found best to make a filling of each lay- 
er at the center of the stack first, then continue out as far 
as the chosen distance. 

The next step in stack building is horizontal line 
"H" (No. 4), its boundary line being at perpendicular 
C-p, and extending to C-p on the opposite side. We now 
complete another la3^er in the same steps before outlined, 
after which the horizontal line No. 5, will be our next 
step. Its outline or boundary is at perpendicular B-p, ex- 
tending only the width from B-p to B-p. showing how I'ar 
out from the center A-p the straw should be placed in 
each step. Its outline or boundary is at perpendicular 
B-p, extending only the width from B-p to B-p, showing 
how far out from the center A-p the straw should be 
placed in each step of stack building. Horizontal line 
No. 5 shows the center filling, and it should be more full 
in the center at A-p than at its boundary lines at B-p on 
either side. 

After the center is filled, at the fifth step in our 
stack-building, we find we have completed one operation 
in stacking. This is the adoption of the "Scientific Meth- 
ods in stacking." Either hay or loose grain may be stack- 



ed according to the above rales. 



One operation having been made complete, we notice 
we have completed the watershed (See Diagram No. y.) 
In Diagram No. 3, each operation in stack-building is ac- 
compaiiied by watershed lines, shoAving how the stack, 
v\'hen built according to the "Scientific Methods of 
Stacking," ahvays sheds the water. 

Since we have laid the foundation, and have an idea 
as to why this manner of illustration is taken; also that 
we have completed one operation in stack-building, we 

—26— 



are now ready to begin another operation in building, 
which will be exactly like the first (See Diagram Xo. 2.) 
l^eginning with the horizontal line No. 1, spreading the 
straw from side to side, outlining the stack, next horizon- 
tal No. 2, one point in at E-p, the next No. 3 at D-p, the 
next No. 4 at C-p, the next B-p No. 5, the filling of the 
center from B-p to B-p. completing another operation. In 
this manner one operation after another may be complet- 
ed, the watershed lines established throughout the entire 
stack. This simple method of stacking makes the stack 
waterproof from bottom to top. 

The topping out of the stack is only a drawing in at 
a desired height for the square, and does not interfere 
with the plan of the use of the horizontal lines and oper- 
ations in building, but only shortens their length to suit 
the slope of the top. 

The steep, high top is not the kind of a top desired. 
as it has proven more apt to tilt by winds, and is very in- 
convenient to build. The oval shaped top on a stack is 
far better, on account of its durability in storms, and also 
its convenience to build. 

The adoption of the "Scientific Methods of Stack- 
ing" is the plan to make a stack waterproof throughout, 
from bottom to top. The water lines show the drainage 
of every operation in the building of the stack. 

After each operation in this simple method of stack- 
])ui]ding, the stack appears still to be almost level, and 
an observer, who does not understand this method, would 
think there was fully as much straw at the outer edge as 
toward the center. (See Diagram No. 4.) The straw be- 
ing tread in, forms a greater degree of compactness to- 
ward the center than at the outer edge, hence the latter 
is loose and fluffy. Being webbed together, it holds the 
form of the stack ; yet, when settled, the straw at outside 
droops far below that of the inner straw, and drains the 
water off the entire stack. 

—27— 



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The point is, the outside being not tread upon, re- 
mains unsettled during the time of building, hence natur- 
ally holds its web-work fluffed up only a short time ; so 
we see why there appears to be as much straw on the out- 
side as toward the center. 

The builder remembers where every forkfull has 
been placed, and if he be in doubt at any time, there is 
one waj^ to be sure of how the stack is going up, and that 
is to "see as the blind man sees"; the way of determin- 
ing this is to walk over the straw and by its firmness or 
looseness find the places where more straw is needed. 



-28- 



This may be done at any time of doiil)t. and if followed 
will save many mistakes; sneh as leaving holes in the 
stack, or too much straw in some places. Naturally, the 
more evenly the straw is placed, the nicer the stack Avill 
■;ettle and as a result a better job of stacking will follow. 




By this plain method we provide for the drainage of 
the water always toward the outer edge of the stack, 
and by draining the water off the grain, we leave no 
chance for it to penetrate into the stack deeply enough 

—29— 



to do any damage. The wind and sun soon dries the outer 
edge of the stack, and the inside is always dry and fresh. 

As it has been remarked for an illustration, the hair 
of a horse or cow is short but, since it slants downward, 
the water of a shower only follows the hair which slopes 
doA^Ti and soon runs off, leaving the horse or cow dry in 
a very short time. 

Before taking up the work any further, we wish to 
make phiin the use of the horizontal and perpendicular 
lines, Avhich will be a great benefit in stack building. We 
have learned their names and numbers — ^.the perpendicu- 
lars: A, B, C, D, E, and F, alphabetically; the numbers: 
1. 2, 8, 4, 5, in rotation — and why they are used, to some 
extent, but we will learn more to profit by their use. 

Calling your attention to Diagram No. 4. This dia- 
gram is drawn to show an illustration of the denseness 
and amount of straw tread in at the given points. Also 
to give an idea as to how the straw should be built before 
it settles. The horizontal lines show the position of the 
straw while the perpendicular lines are placed in to mag- 
nify the denseness of the straw at given points. 

Bear in mind the denseness. of the straw shouhl be 
greatest at the center of the stack; the builder making a 
gradual blend in compactness from center to the outer 
edge of the stack. The center being already compact and 
settled to some extent, the outside is yet unsettled. 
The denseness is caused by the use of more straw in the 
center. The outer edges of the stack will soon settle, 
thus mashing the straw together firmly, and while set- 
tling will droop below the inner straw and drain the wa- 
ter off the grain. See Diagram 5. 

Not forgetting that A-p ahvays represents the center of 
the stack, or rick, we notice from A-p to B-p shows the 
densest part of the stack, more dense at "A". Again, 
from B-p to C-p is slightly thinner, thus showing a less 
amount of straw re(iuired to be built in at this point. 

—30— 




t B f{ V 

ZJDia grants Ua.jr^ 



Then from C-p to D-p is still thinner; or less compact, 
showing a less amount of straw required to be built in, 
etc.. the better, so long as the outside form may be held, 
l)ut one should always guard this in building. Each 
step from the center of the stack toward the outeredge 
there should be less straw filled in, and less compact in 
])uilding, so as to leave the outer parts room to settle be- 
low those inside the stack. Then after the straw settles, 
the straw at the outer edge will droop outwardly and 



thus drooping will cause the water to follow the slant of 
the straw, and by so doing, drain the water off the grain. 

The above illustration (Diagram No. 4) shows how 
close the straw is built in toward the center, also that it 
becomes gradually thinner toward the outer edge of th,e 
stack. Yet it appears to hold its position on a level be- 
cause the straw has not yet settled. Now that the build- 
ing is new, the form is so w^ebbed together as to hold its 
position on a level with that of the inner parts. One 
who does not understand the simple method of stacking 
here outlined, would look at a stack thus Iniilt and think 
there was as much straw at the outer side of the stack 
as there was in the center, but the builder knoAvs where 
the straw is all placed. 

NoAV that the entire stack must settle, wenotice from 
A-p to B-p that there is not much room to settle (See Dia- 
gram No. 4). Then from B-p to C-p the straw has slight- 
ly more room to settle, and from C-p to D-p there is still 
more room to settle, etc. Yet the greatest space to settle 
is the outer edge from E-p to F-p, which is the most es- 
sential j^art to be sure of. 

Some stackers use the outside w^eb, altogether, for 
the protection and drainage for the entire stack: the,v 
fill the center as though they were dumping in a load, 
then shielding it by the outer edge; the dropping of the 
straw at the outer edge, only, being used as a safeguard. 
This plan is not advisable at any time. To the new be- 
ginner, I would say: Do not depend upon any such 
methods, but take the simple methods outlined, as a 
whole. (See correct way of stackiiig. Diagram 6, the 
drainage being always to the outer edge. Notice the wa- 
ter lines, roof-like in position.) Note that at ANY height 
you find this perfect roof-like form of building to be the 
same. 

Since by these simple methods of stack-building and 
preserving grain we have shown a correct way of stack- 

—82— 




^D ( d ci" r£3 /iM_ }{ 



ing. I wish now to call your attention to the wrong and 
dangerous ways of stacking-, so often supposed to be all 
right, and even good, but which are not, but often de- 
ceive many farmers. 

The so-called "Form without a Principle." Calling 
your attention to Diagram 7, we show the outside form of 
a stack completed, apparently the ideal type; yet in its 
principle of stacking it is exactly upside down, the outer 
edges having been carried up neatly, being tread upon, 
causing them to become compact and settled, while the 
middle of the stack has been left to be filled up as it may 

—33— 




D C ^ A B t 

happen, ''take care of itself," as some term it; hence as 
the stack must yet settle, we then find, after the center 
has settled, that the water lines run IN, leading the wa- 
ter into the center of the stack. This is the cause of 
much of the great damage that farmers often experience. 
The water sinks into the stack and spoils the grain or 
hay. How could anyone expect his hay or grain to keep 
when built up in such a manner"^ Yet you may say: 
''The man. whoever he may be, built me a nice, neat 
looking stack." Tru(\ the stack may have a very neat 

—84— 



nhape when finished, but this is not the (juestion. Will 
the grain or hay keep? No. no, I say a thousand times 
NO ! The moisture is what causes the hay or grain to 
rot and spoil, and if let into the stack, will certainly spoil 
the grain or hay. See Diagram 7 for illustration. Now 
turu the plate over top side down, and see if the stack 
has not been built, in principle, upside down, after it has 
settled. See the water lines in particular, showing the 
drainage toward inside instead of having thrown drain- 
age all to the outer edge, as per Diagram H. 

We have been learning about ricks principally, for 
ricks are most commonly used, and have been showing 
the Diagrams in end views of ricks, but you will readily 
perceive that the principles in these drawmgs will apply 
just as well to round or oval stacks. 

The drawings are as though we could see the con- 
tents of the entire rick or stack all through, from end 
to end, which is true according to the diagrams. One end 
should not differ from the other, except for a slight dif- 
ference at each end which will be mentioned independ- 
ently from the foregoing illustrations. 

In order to get a more thorough and complete idea 
of how to build the ends and sides combined, and how 
to stack more accurately, it has become necessary to in- 
troduce another diagram in connection with the ones al- 
ready in use. See Diagram 8. This diagram illustrates 
the entire bottom of a rick. 

N. B. If round stack is preferred, the lines would 
necessarily take a circular position in proportion to the 
shape of stack desired. See round stacks, bound grain, 
etc. 

The ends should be built with a web-like arrange- 
ment into the sides, but may be trod upon near the out- 
er edge. When speaking in this manner in regard to the 
sides as compared with the ends, the ends would be like 
the sides, except that in a rectangular stack the sides 

—35— 



^ ^ JO C B A BCUEF 

Tf^t 1/ /is strait ion. os- STt^t-K 'B<»^^oMn^ , 

must draw m to make a top. whil- the ends should be 
carried up full aud straight. 

The lines used in the Diagram 8 ail lay flat on the 
ground, outlining the bottom of the stack. The letters: 
A, B, D, and F are chosen to represent the setting of cor- 
responding perpendiculars (A-p, B-p, etc.,) thus leaving 
out the perpendiculars 'J and E, yet using the ones chos- 
en for the purpose of locating positions. The lines in the 

—36— 



(liagrain are horizoiital in position, ^et only are used for 
a base, or settin*^, for the corresy/onding perpendiculars 
used; hence the line "A" rmniing from end to end, rep- 
resents the center of the rick or center setting for A-p ; 
the letter B representing the setting for B-p ; then, omit- 
ting C, we next have letter D, which is for the setting of 
l)-p ; then, omitting E, we next come to letter F, which, 
according to all digrams in hay or loose grain, repre- 
sents the outer edge of the stack. The line across the 
end is for the purpose of getting an idea how close one 
should come to the end without breaking it out, thuK 
making the end more compact than the sides at the out- 
er edges of the stack. The ends need to settle slightly as 
well as the sides, in order to give drainage, but not as 
nui'di is recpiired as for the sides. Remember to be sure 
and build the end up straight; do not drain it like the 
sides while forming a top on the stack. 

We have learned the f)rinciple of how much straw or 
liay, should be tread or placed in their proper places and 
how it should be stored in the stack. 

Xow, T wish to introduce you to a more (juick and 
accurate method; holding to the knowledge we have 
gained of the simple methods of stacking. I wish to in- 
troduce to you the "Hurl Fork ^lethod. " This is why 
the a])ove diagram has been introduced. (See Diagram 
8.) Thus 'explaining all the secrets of quick and accurate 
building of stacks without doubting our own work, for 
we know that we cannot see how many straws are in the 
stack, or just where the most are. We have learned that 
some of the most perfectly shaped stacks have proven to 
be stacked altogether wrong (Diagram 7), upside down 
in principle, yet thej' appear from a distance to be the 
real ideal (See Diagram 6 for the ideal way and compare 
the two together.) The "Hurl Fork" will come to u? 
'nter in the volume as we have need of it. 

Drawing yoar attention again to Diagram 8, let "A" 

—37— 



line represent the center of the riek, then from A to B 
represents a margin over a foot in distance. From B to 
B, say 2 1-2 feet; then, skipping C, we find from B to D 
is — on each side of the rick — about 2 3-4 feet, and from 
D to F is 3 feet, making the stack 14 feet wide from F to 
F. We have learned that the straw shouhl be more com 
pact at the center of the stack, at "A"; and less so at 
the edge — F; thus giving the outer edge more opportuni- 
ty to settle. The lines A, B, D and F are for the setti/ig 
of the corresponding perpendiculars A-p, B-p, D-p and 
F-p, as introduced in the foregoing chapters. Now w- 
are ready to commence stack-building. 

Let the first load of straw or hay extend from F to F, 
the entire width of the stack desired to be built. Tins 
will form the outline for the size of stack wished for. 
laying it nicely and evenly throughout. If uncertain as 
to the evenness of the amount, you may feel more safe 
to place a little heavier layer at the center. A. Next 
load may be placed from E-p to E-p, spreading evenly 
throughout the entire circle between the above parallels. 
The next load or layer should be placed from D-p to Dj). 
(See Diagram 8 for D-p's setting, also others mentioned.) 
The settings represent points on the stack for circuits for 
walking, except the outer one, (F-p) which should not be 
tread uDon at any time during stack-building, but only 
l)e a form ])uilt up with a fork. The setting of D-p is 
as far out, commonly speaking, as one should ever tread. 
The next circuit of walking will be found at B-p, and 
tho last of an operation in building at A-p, the ''enter o 
stack or rick. (See Diagram 1 and 2.) 

The next layer is from C-p to C-p and the next from 
B-p t!) B-p ; thus after filling center we find Ave have com- 
pleted one operation. 

Note : By the use of the circuits. Diagram S, show- 
ing the only places necessary to walk in quick stacking 
much time and work may be saved. 

—38— 




—39— 



and dependable; but to the new beginner this method 
possibly would not ))e readily understood, or its s!eii;1r 
learned at once; hence the simple methods adopted wiii 
gradually develop one's knoweldge to the point wIk re 
the whirl fork will come "handy and natural," learnino 
Its use without realizing Avhen or how; only accepttuig 
the motto: ''Learn to Do by Doing." 

In order to use the whirl fork through the stack, ii is 
always necessary that the hay or straAv should be pitchet". 
in the center of the stack, thus heaping fuH the middle at 
A-p. like the topping out of a stack, only not so great a 
slant; then working enough loose straw to the ed^e hy 
the use of the fork, to bring the edge to a level with th( 
middle, and by the turn of the fork making a tangled 
mat, composing the outer form of the stack, this mat al- 
ways being tangle-tied with the straAV toward the cenier. 
Bear in mind the outer edge should never be tread upon, 
but left to settle and droop the straw to form a draitiag-^ 
for all rainfall. 

Some men mistake what the whirl fork is used for. 
or how it should be used. They grasp with their for]v a 
large wad-like bimcli and carry it to the edge of t'.(^ 
stack, placing it there to outline the form; they even 
tread upon it to be sure their edge is solid. By this un- 
thoughtful manner many a loss has occurred Placing a 
Avad of straw at the outer edge will cause the edge to set- 
tle unevenly. Moreover, it will pack spots on the edge 
so it will hold its position, leaving the inner parts to set- 
tle, thus as sppken of before, the water will follow the 
slant of the straw and will enter the stack, causing much 
damage by rot; and consequently much loss. In the mat- 
ter of this very erroneous method causing much loss m 
the stacking of grain and hay; we call your attention to 
the water lines. Diagram 7. for instance. Now, notice the 
•ight way. Diagram fJ. and you will see plainly the dif- 
ference. 

Another mistake in stacking is caused by the lazmess 

0— 



Now, we have laid the foundation, which is the 
greatest part, for without a good foundation the ])uihling 
wouhl he rather uncertain, as in any other instance of 
huilding. Not only has the foundation been laid, but 
one operation in stack-building been completed, and we 
are ready to begin anutlier. which will be in like manner 
as the one just finished. 

Beginning with a complete layer from F-p to F-p, 
next layer from E-p to E-p, the next will be at D-p to 
D-p, this being our walking circuit (see Diagram 8), and 
as near the outer edge as one need to tread in quick, ac- 
curate stacking. Outside of this point all straw may be 
placed with the scattering hurl fork, so as to form a 
mat, holding the form firmly together. The next step 
we will be at our circuit B-p, placing our straw out as far 
as C-p, making a complete layer from this point to the 
inner center of stack; This layer being complete, we 
may place a layer up and down the center, reaching from 
B-p to B-p, treacling this time on what is laid, this being 
the center of rick from end to end. 

Now that this method has been adopted, we will 
continue in like manner of walking our circuits and fill- 
ing each operation, beginning with 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, which 
are the horizontal fillings (See Diagram 1 and 2.) 

THE HURL FORK. 

The so-called Hurl Fork is the process of workinij 
the straw or hay from the center of the stack toward 
the outer edge; and by this turn of the fork always 
evening the outer edge. Not only making the outward 
form from F-p to F-p, but levelling the stack ready tor 
more straw or hay. 

Some men who are greatly skilled in stacking, adopi 
the whirl tork theory altogether, and depend upon it 
throughout the entire stacking. This is, to the scientihc 
tttacker, a remarkable way of stacking, being accurate 



or carelessness of so many neglecting their work, instead 
of evenly scattering their hay so it will settle evenly. 
They push great wads or bunches here and there through- 
out the stack, leaving it to settle full of holes and unev- 
en, thus leaving indentations for the water to settle in 
and damage the grain or hay. 

As mentioned before, there is only one way to tell 
correctly if the stack is being evenly built — a proper 
amount of straw in its proper place; and that is to "See 
as the blind man sees." This way may be accomplished 
only by treading the entire stack, except on the outer 
edge, which should never be tread upon luitil it settles of 
its own accord. Always remember and refer to the dia- 
grams for amount of straw placed, and where. 

The topping out is not all at once, but a gradual oval- 
like drawing in of the edges, a continuing of the opera- 
tion of this "Scientific Method" plan until at last the 
top becomes a perfect mat, the joining together of the 
two mat edges. After the stack has once settled, wind 
or rain has almost NO effect. 

J. H. WHITCOMB. 



-42- 



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